News
Swathing after a frost

Aug. 28, 2014 – Frost on pods can stop plant development and lock in green. It can also cause pods to split. However, a light frost may have no effect at all, and the crop will be better left to mature fully, according to the Canola Council of Canada.

To determine which situation applies in a frost situation, do the following:

• Check standing canola the morning after a frost.
• Before taking any action, wait at least four to six hours after frost to allow the full extent of frost damage to become evident. The crop may look undamaged that morning but by the afternoon wilting, desiccation and pod splitting may begin. This crop may need to be swathed to preserve yield, but keep in mind that high green counts are likely.
• Light to moderate frost damage may take longer to show up. If no damage is evident after the first day and you decide to leave the crop, scout again after two to three days to reassess.
• If most or all seed is mature and you planned to swath the day after a frost anyway, then don’t bother waiting four to six hours. Just start swathing.

Responses for heavy and light frost
Heavy frost – below -2 C: Assess the damage in early afternoon. Check pods for a white, wilted appearance. Pod shatter and pod drop could begin within a day, especially with warm sunny afternoons. If pods are desiccating rapidly, swathing right away will preserve as much yield as possible.


For canola with high seed moisture, frost in excess of -5 C is generally lethal, resulting in non-viable seed. At such low temperatures, ice crystals physically disrupt structures such as membranes and enzymes. Pods of immature canola crops frozen at lethal temperatures have been observed to turn black, whereas mild frost turns pods white or white-speckled.

Light frost – above -2 C: Hold off swathing. Check in the afternoon for wilting to make sure frost damage was not heavier than expected. You may see some speckling on the stem and pods, but this is of little concern as long as the plant is still alive. If no wilting, leave the crop standing and check daily.

What to look for during daily monitoring:


- If the majority of the seeds remain watery, delay swathing to allow for further seed maturity.

- If the pods are severely damaged and are beginning to desiccate, swath during periods of dew or high humidity to reduce the amount of pod shelling and pod drop.


Frost and quality
A killing frost will reduce quality, but that can’t be helped — whether you swath today or wait. Immature seeds (moisture content higher than 20 per cent) will be damaged. Seeds with less than 20 per cent moisture will normally escape damage. Green seed is the major downgrade that results from frost.

Click here for more information on assessing crops following fall frost.

Here are three specific scenarios:



Scenario 1

If 50 per cent of the field has moderate to severe damage, there’s a risk that hardest hit plants will begin to shell out and any seed that can contribute to yield will be lost. However, the yield and quality of the seed in this part of the field has likely already been significantly reduced. If the remaining 50 per cent of the field has light to minimal damage, swathing too early may further reduce yield and grade. Leaving the field standing and following it to
the proper stage for swathing can allow the remaining intact seed to clear green and continue filling, improving both grade and yield. This part of the field will likely contribute most to yield anyway, and anything severely damaged will likely shell out or be separated with the chaff or dockage.

Scenario 2

When the field is more than 50 to 60 per cent severely damaged, the crop will shell so it is best to swath to protect any viable seeds. Quality is likely to be poor anyway, so it is more important to protect as much yield as possible. Once swathed, rainfall with warmer temperatures (>15 C) may allow for some enzyme activity to occur in any remaining intact seeds, which can reduce the percentage of green seed. If the decision to swath is made, the
field in question should be one of the last fields to be harvested to allow as much time for green seed clearing as possible. Since yield and grade are likely to be relatively poor, the risk from leaving the crop out will be lower than for other less affected fields.

Scenario 3

The field has light to moderate damage in portions or across the field. It is suggested that this field be left for swathing at the proper stage of maturity, based on remaining healthy seeds in the pods. Any seeds that are damaged will be shriveled and will typically blow out of the combine with the chaff or end up as dockage. In order to maximize economic return, the crop should be left for as long as possible before combining. Areas of moderate damage should be monitored regularly for pods becoming desiccated and prone to shattering. If this occurs, consider swathing either the whole field or just the affected areas, if that is practical.

August 28, 2014  By The Canola Council of Canada